Systems and methods for selecting a lateral movement strategy for a penetration testing campaign

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for carrying out campaigns of penetration testing for discovering and reporting security vulnerabilities of a networked system, the networked system comprising a plurality of network nodes interconnected by one or more networks.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application gains priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/546,569 filed on Aug. 17, 2017 and entitled “Randomly Selecting a Strategy in a Penetration Testing Campaign”. This patent application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 15/681,782 and 15/681,692, both of which were filed on Aug. 21, 2017 and entitled “Setting Up Penetration Testing Campaigns”, both of which claim the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/453,056 filed on Feb. 1, 2017 and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/451,850 filed on Jan. 30, 2017. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 15/681,782 and 15/681,682, as well as U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/546,569, 62/453,056 and 62/451,850 are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is currently a proliferation of organizational networked computing systems. Every type of organization, be it a commercial company, a university, a bank, a government agency or a hospital, heavily relies on one or more networks interconnecting multiple computing nodes. Failures of the networked computing system of an organization, or even of only a portion of it, might cause significant damage, up to completely shutting down all operations. Additionally, much of the data of the organization, if not all the data, exist somewhere on its networked computing system, including all confidential data comprising the “crown jewels” of the organization, such as prices, details of customers, purchase orders, employees' salaries, technical formulas, etc. Loss of such data or leaks of such data to unauthorized external entities might be disastrous for the organization.

Many organizational networks are connected to the Internet at least through one network node, and consequently may be subject to attacks by computer hackers or by hostile adversaries. Quite often the newspapers report incidents in which websites crashed, sensitive data was stolen, or service to customers was denied, where the failures were the results of hostile penetration into an organization's networked computing system.

Thus, many organizations invest a lot of efforts and costs in preventive means designed to protect their computing networks against potential threats. There are many defensive products offered in the market claiming to provide protection against one or more known modes of attack, and many organizations arm themselves to the teeth with multiple products of this kind.

However, it is difficult to tell how effective such products really are in achieving their stated goals of blocking hostile attacks, and consequently most CISOs (Computer Information Security Officers) will admit (maybe only off the record), that they don't really know how well they can withstand an attack from a given adversary. The only way to really know the strength and security of a system, is by trying to attack it as a real adversary would. This is known as red-teaming or penetration testing (pen testing, in short), and is a very common approach that is even required by regulation in some developed countries.

Penetration testing requires highly talented people to man the testing team. Those people should be familiar with each and every publicly known vulnerability and attacking method and should also have a very good familiarity with networking techniques and multiple operating systems implementations. Such people are hard to find and therefore many organizations give up establishing their own penetration testing teams and resort to hiring external expert consultants for carrying out that role (or completely give up penetration testing). However, external consultants are expensive and therefore are typically called in only for brief periods separated by long intervals in which no penetration testing is carried out. This makes the penetration testing ineffective, as vulnerabilities caused by new attacks, that appear almost daily, are discovered only months after becoming serious threats to the organization.

Additionally, even rich organizations that can afford hiring talented experts for in-house penetration testing teams do not achieve good protection. Testing for vulnerabilities of a large network containing many types of computers, operating systems, network routers and other devices is both a very complex and a very tedious process. The process is prone to human errors such as missing testing for certain threats or misinterpreting the damages of certain attacks. Additionally, because a process of full testing against all threats is quite long, the organization might again end with a too long discovery period after a new threat appears.

In view of the above deficiencies, automated penetration testing solutions were introduced in recent years by several vendors. These automated solutions reduce human involvement in the penetration testing process, or at least in some of its functions.

A penetration testing process involves at least the following main functions: (i) a reconnaissance function, (ii) an attack function, and (iii) a reporting function. The process may also include additional functions, for example a cleanup function that restores the tested networked system to its original state as it was before the test. In an automated penetration testing system, at least one of the above three functions is at least partially automated, and typically two or three of them are at least partially automated.

A reconnaissance function is the function within a penetration testing system that handles the collection of data about the tested networked system. The collected data may include internal data of networks nodes, data about network traffic within the tested networked system, business intelligence data of the organization owning the tested networked system, etc. The functionality of a prior art reconnaissance function can be implemented, for example, by software executing in a server that is not one of the network nodes of the tested networked system, where the server probes the tested networked system for the purpose of collecting data about it.

An attack function is the function within a penetration testing system that handles the determination of whether security vulnerabilities exist in the tested networked system based on data collected by the reconnaissance function. The functionality of a prior art attack function can be implemented, for example, by software executing in a server that is not one of the nodes of the tested networked system, where the server attempts to attack the tested networked system for the purpose of verifying that it can be compromised.

A reporting function is the function within a penetration testing system that handles the reporting of results of the penetration testing system. The functionality of a prior art reporting function may be implemented, for example, by software executing in the same server that executes the functionality of the attack function, where the server reports the findings of the attack function to an administrator or a CISO of the tested networked system.

FIG. 1A (PRIOR ART) is a block diagram of code modules of a typical penetration testing system. FIG. 1B (PRIOR ART) is a related flow-chart.

In FIG. 1A, code for the reconnaissance function, for the attack function, and for the reporting function are respectively labelled as 20, 30 and 40, and are each schematically illustrated as part of a penetration testing system code module (PTSCM) labelled as 10. The term ‘code’ is intended broadly and may include any combination of computer-executable code and computer-readable data which when read affects the output of execution of the code. The computer-executable code may be provided as any combination of human-readable code (e.g. in a scripting language such as Python), machine language code, assembler code and byte code, or in any form known in the art. Furthermore, the executable code may include any stored data (e.g. structured data) such as configuration files, XML files, and data residing in any type of database (e.g. a relational database, an object-database, etc.).

In one example and as shown in FIG. 1B, the reconnaissance function (performed in step S21 by execution of reconnaissance function code 20), the attack function (performed in step S31 by execution of attack function code 30) and the reporting function (performed in step S41 by execution of reporting function code 40) are executed in strictly sequential order so that first the reconnaissance function is performed by executing code 20 thereof, then the attack function is performed by executing code 30 thereof, and finally the reporting function is performed 40 by executing code thereof.

However, the skilled artisan will appreciate that this order is just one example, and is not a requirement. For example, the attack and the reporting functions may be performed in parallel or in an interleaved way, with the reporting function reporting first results obtained by the attack function, while the attack function is working on additional results.

Similarly, the reconnaissance and the attack functions may operate in parallel or in an interleaved way, with the attack function detecting a vulnerability based on first data collected by the reconnaissance function, while the reconnaissance function is working on collecting additional data.

FIG. 1A also illustrates code of an optional cleanup function which is labeled as 50. Also illustrated in FIG. 1B is step S51 of performing a cleanup function e.g. by cleanup function code 50 of FIG. 1A.

“A campaign of penetration testing” is a specific run of a specific test of a specific networked system by the penetration testing system.

A penetration-testing-campaign module may comprise at least part of reconnaissance function code 20, attack function code 30 and optionally cleanup function code 50—for example, in combination with suitable hardware (e.g. one or more computing device(s) 110 and one or more processor(s) 120 thereof, see FIG. 2) for executing the code.

FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art computing device 110 which may have any form-factor including but not limited to a laptop, a desktop, a mobile phone, a server, a tablet, or any other form factor. The computing device 110 in FIG. 2 includes (i) computer memory 160 which may store code 180; (ii) one or more processors 120 (e.g. central-processing-unit (CPU)) for executing code 180; (iii) one or more human-interface device(s) 140 (e.g. mouse, keyboard, touchscreen, gesture-detecting apparatus including a camera, etc.) or an interface (e.g. USB interface) to receive input from a human-interface device; (iv) a display device 130 (e.g. computer screen) or an interface (e.g. HDMI interface, USB interface) for exporting video to a display device and (v) a network interface 150 (e.g. a network card, or a wireless modem).

Memory 160 may include any combination of volatile (e.g. RAM) and non-volatile (e.g. ROM, flash, disk-drive) memory. Code 180 may include operating-system code—e.g. Windows®, Linux®, Android®, Mac-OS®.

Computing device 110 may include a user-interface for receiving input from a user (e.g. manual input, visual input, audio input, or input in any other form) and for visually displaying output. The user-interface (e.g. graphical user interface (GUI)) of computing device 110 may thus include the combination of HID device 140 or an interface thereof (i.e. in communication with an external HID device 140), display device 130 or an interface thereof (i.e. in communication with an external display device), and user-interface (UI) code stored in memory 160 and executed by one or more processor(s) 120. The user-interface may include one or more GUI widgets such as labels, buttons (e.g. radio buttons or check boxes), sliders, spinners, icons, windows, panels, text boxes, and the like.

In one example, a penetration testing system is the combination of (i) code 10 (e.g. including reconnaissance function code 20, attack function code 30, reporting function code 40, and optionally cleaning function code 50); and (ii) one or more computing devices 110 which execute the code 10. For example, a first computing device may execute a first portion of code 10 and a second computing device (e.g. in networked communication with the first computing device) may execute a second portion of code 10.

Penetration testing systems may employ different types of architectures, each having its advantages and disadvantages. Examples are actual attack penetration testing systems, simulated penetration testing systems and reconnaissance agent penetration testing systems. See the Definitions section for more details about these types of penetration testing systems.

The Problem to Solve

When a user desires to operate a prior art penetration testing system for running a test on a specific networked system, the penetration testing system must know what test it should execute. For example, the penetration testing system must know what is the type of attacker against whom the test is making its assessment (a state-sponsored actor, a cyber-criminal etc.), and what are his capabilities. As another example, the penetration testing system must know what is the goal of the attacker according to which the attack will be judged as a success or a failure (copying a specific file and exporting it out of the tested networked system, encoding a specific directory of a specific network node for ransom, etc.).

A specific run of a specific test of a specific networked system by a penetration testing system is called a “campaign” of that penetration testing system, as defined hereinbelow in ‘q’ of the ‘Definitions’ section. A collection of values for all information items a penetration testing system must know before executing a campaign is called “specifications of the campaign” or “scenario”, as defined hereinbelow in ‘v’ of the ‘Definitions’ section. For example, the type of the attacker and the goal of the attacker are specific information items of a campaign, and specific values for them are parts of the specifications of any campaign.

One special information item of a campaign is the lateral movement strategy of the attacker during the campaign.

The lateral movement strategy of an attacker is the decision logic applied by the attacker of a campaign for selecting the next network node to try to compromise. During a penetration testing campaign, it is assumed that the attacker makes progress by an iterative process, wherein in each iteration the attacker selects the next node to attack, based on the group of network nodes that are already compromised and controlled by the attacker. If the attack on the selected node is successful, that node is added to the group of nodes that are already compromised, and another iteration begins. If the attempt to compromise the selected node fails, another node is selected, either according to some other rule or randomly.

All types of penetration testing systems, whether using simulated penetration testing, actual attack penetration testing or some other form of penetration testing, must use a lateral movement strategy. In penetration testing systems that actually attack the tested networked system, the lateral movement strategy selects the path of attack actually taken through the networked system. In penetration testing systems that simulate or evaluate the results of attacking the tested networked system, the lateral movement strategy selects the path of attack taken in the simulation or the evaluation through the networked system. Therefore, in the above explanation, the term “attack” should be understood to mean “actual attack or simulated attack”, the term “already controls” should be understood to mean “already controls or already determined to be able to control”, the term “already compromised” should be understood to mean “already compromised or already determined to be compromisable”, etc.

A simple example of a lateral movement strategy is a “depth first” strategy in which the next network node to attempt to compromise is a network node that is not yet compromised and is an immediate neighbor of the last network node that was compromised, provided such neighbor node exists. Two network nodes are “immediate neighbors” of each other if and only if they have a direct communication link between them that does not pass through any other network node.

Another simple example is a “breadth search” strategy, in which the next network node to attempt to compromise is a network node that is not yet compromised and whose distance from the first node compromised by the campaign is the smallest possible. The distance between two network nodes is the number of network nodes along the shortest path between them, plus one. A path is an ordered list of network nodes in which each pair of adjacent nodes in the list is a pair of immediate neighbors. Thus, the distance between two immediate neighbors is one.

An example of a more advanced lateral movement strategy is a strategy that is applicable when a goal of the attacker is related to a resource of the networked system that resides in a specific network node. In such case, the next network node to try to compromise may be selected by determining the shortest path in the networked system leading from an already compromised node to the specific node containing the desired resource, and selecting the first node on the determined path as the next node to attempt to compromise. If the shortest path has a length of one, which occurs when the specific node is an immediate neighbor of an already compromised node, then the next node to attempt to compromise is the specific node containing the desired resource.

Another example of a lateral movement strategy is a strategy that gives priority to network nodes satisfying a specific condition, for example nodes that are known to have a specific weakness, such as running the Windows XP operating system. In such case, the next node to attempt to compromise is a node that satisfies the condition and is an immediate neighbor of an already compromised node, if such a node exists.

In prior art penetration testing systems, an attacker can only have a single lateral movement strategy, which may be (i) selected by the designer of the penetration testing system and cannot be changed at all, (ii) selected by the penetration testing system at runtime, for example according to the type of attacker selected for the current campaign and cannot be changed by the user, or (iii) selected by the user, when configuring the campaign.

The lateral movement strategy used during a campaign may impact the results of the campaign. At a given decision point, a first strategy may lead to picking one network node to be the next node to attack, while a second strategy may lead to picking another network node to be the next node to attack. This distinction may then create a broader and broader difference between running the campaign using the first strategy and running it using the second strategy. If the key to conquering the tested networked system is compromising a specific administrator node, one strategy may be “lucky” and attack that specific node early in the campaign, while the other node may be “unlucky” and waste a lot of time attempting to break into many unimportant nodes before finally reaching the specific administrator node. Thus, the choice of strategy might significantly affect the length of time required for the penetration testing system to compromise the specific node and/or the tested network.

While the previous example demonstrates a difference in execution time, in this example both strategies eventually produce the same result. However, this is not always the case. Real-world organizations may have thousands and even tens of thousands of network nodes. Exhaustively testing such huge network until each node is compromised and controlled by the attacker is practically impossible because of the amount of time this might require. Therefore, penetration testing campaigns are typically provided with a time limit for their execution, which may be an hour or a day, or some other duration of a similar magnitude.

If a time-limited campaign is executed with each of the two strategies described above, the outcome might be such that with one strategy the result of the test is a successful compromising of the tested network, while with the other strategy the result is a failure in compromising the network because of aborting the test when hitting the time limit. In the last case, the results presented to the operator of the penetration testing system will be misleading—the report will say the penetration attempt failed and the system is safe, while in reality this is not the case.

This situation is clearly undesirable and should be remedied.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some embodiments of the invention relate to methods and systems for carrying out automated penetration testing, in which a lateral movement strategy for a penetration testing campaign is randomly selected.

According to an aspect of an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method of penetration testing of a networked system by a penetration testing system that is controlled by a user interface of a computing device so that a penetration testing campaign is executed according to a lateral movement strategy of an attacker of the penetration testing campaign, the method including:

-   -   a. automatically selecting, by the penetration testing system,         one lateral movement strategy from a group of multiple lateral         movement strategies available for use in the penetration testing         campaign, wherein the automatic selecting is done by randomly         selecting the one lateral movement strategy from the group of         lateral movement strategies;     -   b. executing the penetration testing campaign, by the         penetration testing system and according to the automatically         selected lateral movement strategy of the attacker, so as to         test the networked system; and     -   c. reporting, by the penetration testing system, at least one         security vulnerability determined to exist in the networked         system by the executing of the penetration testing campaign,         wherein the reporting includes at least one of (i) causing a         display device to display a report describing the at least one         security vulnerability, (ii) storing the report describing the         at least one security vulnerability in a file, and (iii)         electronically transmitting the report describing the at least         one security vulnerability.

In some embodiments, the executing of the penetration testing campaign includes at least one event of selecting, according to the automatically selected one lateral movement strategy, a network node of the networked system to be the next network node to be attacked by the attacker of the penetration testing campaign.

In some embodiments, the method further includes: prior to the automatically selecting, receiving, by the penetration testing system and via the user interface of the computing device, one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly instructing the penetration testing system to make the automatic selection randomly.

In some embodiments, the method further includes, prior to the automatically selecting, determining, by the penetration testing system, the group of multiple lateral movement strategies that are available for use in the penetration testing campaign.

In some embodiments, the determining of the group of multiple lateral movement strategies includes retrieving the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from a non-volatile storage device functionally accessible to the penetration testing system.

In some embodiments, the determining of the group of multiple lateral movement strategies includes:

-   -   a. displaying, by the penetration testing system, a second group         of multiple lateral movement strategies, the second group of         multiple lateral movement strategies including the lateral         movement strategies in the group of multiple lateral movement         strategies;     -   b. receiving, by the penetration testing system and via the user         interface of the computing device, one or more manually-entered         inputs explicitly selecting a sub-group of the second group of         multiple lateral movement strategies;     -   c. defining the group of multiple lateral movement strategies         from which the one lateral movement strategy is automatically         selected to be the selected sub-group.

According to an aspect of an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a system for penetration testing of a networked system by performing a penetration testing campaign against the networked system, the system including:

-   -   a. a set-up module including:         -   i. one or more set-up processors; and         -   ii. a set-up non-transitory computer readable storage medium             for instructions execution by the one or more set-up             processors, the set-up non-transitory computer readable             storage medium having stored instructions to automatically             select one lateral movement strategy of an attacker of the             penetration testing campaign from a group of multiple             lateral movement strategies available for use in the             penetration testing campaign, the instructions to             automatically select including instructions to randomly             select the one lateral movement strategy from the group of             lateral movement strategies;     -   b. a penetration-testing-campaign module including:         -   i. one or more penetration-testing-campaign processors; and         -   ii. a penetration-testing-campaign non-transitory computer             readable storage medium for instructions execution by the             one or more penetration-testing-campaign processors, the             penetration-testing-campaign non-transitory computer             readable storage medium having stored instructions to             perform the penetration testing campaign according to the             automatically selected lateral movement strategy of the             attacker so as to test the networked system; and     -   c. a reporting module including:         -   i. one or more reporting processors; and         -   ii. a reporting non-transitory computer readable storage             medium for instructions execution by the one or more             reporting processors, the reporting non-transitory computer             readable storage medium having stored instructions to report             at least one security vulnerability determined to exist in             the networked system according to results of the penetration             testing campaign performed by the             penetration-testing-campaign module, the instructions to             report including at least one of (i) instructions to cause a             display device to display a report describing the at least             one security vulnerability, (ii) instructions to store the             report describing the at least one security vulnerability in             a file and (iii) instructions to electronically transmit the             report describing the at least one security vulnerability.

In some embodiments, the instructions to perform the penetration testing campaign include instructions to select, according to the automatically selected one lateral movement strategy, a network node of the networked system to be the next network node to be attacked by the attacker of the penetration testing campaign.

In some embodiments, the set-up non-transitory computer readable storage medium further includes stored instructions, to be carried out prior to carrying out of the instructions to automatically: select, to receive, via a user interface associated with the set-up module, one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly instructing the penetration testing system to make the automatic selection randomly.

In some embodiments, the set-up non-transitory computer readable storage medium further includes stored instructions, to be carried out prior to carrying out of the instructions to automatically select, to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies that are available for use in the penetration testing campaign.

In some embodiments, the instructions to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies include instructions to retrieve the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from a non-volatile storage device functionally accessible to the set-up module.

In some embodiments, (i) the set-up module is functionally associated with a user interface, and (ii) the instructions to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies include:

-   -   a. instructions to display, by the set-up module and via the         user interface, a second group of multiple lateral movement         strategies, the second group of multiple lateral movement         strategies including the lateral movement strategies in the         group of multiple lateral movement strategies;     -   b. instructions to receive, by the set-up module and via the         user interface, one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly         selecting a sub-group of the second group of multiple lateral         movement strategies; and     -   c. instructions to define the group of multiple lateral movement         strategies from which the one lateral movement strategy is         automatically selected to be the selected sub-group.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains, unless explicitly defined in this application. In case of conflict, the specification, including definitions, will take precedence.

As used herein, the terms “comprising”, “including”, “having” and grammatical variants thereof are to be taken as specifying the stated features, integers, steps or components but do not preclude the addition of one or more additional features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. These terms encompass the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The invention is herein described; by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. Throughout the drawings, like-referenced characters are used to designate like elements.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1A (PRIOR ART) is a block diagram of code modules of a typical penetration testing system;

FIG. 1B (PRIOR ART) is a flow-chart related to the system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 (PRIOR ART) illustrates a prior art computing device;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a penetration testing system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 4A and 4B together are a flow chart of a method for penetration testing of a networked system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a first example of user engagements of a user interface according to an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 6 illustrates a second example of user engagements of a user interface according to an embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The invention, in some embodiments, relates to penetration testing of a networked system, and specifically to randomly selecting a lateral movement strategy of a penetration testing campaign.

The present disclosure should be interpreted according to the definitions in the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification. In case of a contradiction between the definitions in the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification and other sections of this disclosure, the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification section should prevail.

In case of a contradiction between the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification and a definition or a description in any other document, including in another document incorporated in this disclosure by reference, the “Definitions Section” at the end of the specification should prevail, even if the definition or the description in the other document is commonly accepted by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

The present invention provides a solution to the challenges discussed hereinabove with respect to the prior art, and specifically provides a penetration testing system that randomly selects a lateral movement strategy for the attacker of a penetration testing campaign.

In a first embodiment, the penetration testing system automatically and randomly selects the lateral movement strategy before or at the time of initiating a campaign, such that the user takes no part in the selection. The selection is a random selection from a list of available strategies. The strategy randomly selected from the list is used for making the node selection decision at each step or iteration during the penetration testing campaign in which the next node to attack has to be selected.

In accordance with the first embodiment, it is advisable to run multiple campaigns using the same scenario, i.e. the same specifications for executing the multiple campaigns. Because of the randomization of the lateral movement strategy, it is most probable that different runs of the scenario will use different lateral movement strategies. When running multiple campaigns using the same scenario, the randomization of strategies makes it much less likely that a damaging vulnerability in some network node will escape detection. This is in contrast with the prior art penetration testing systems, which, when executing the same scenario several times, always use the same lateral movement strategy and therefore are expected to always get the same results.

In a second embodiment, the user is given a role in controlling the random selection of the strategies. The user manually activates and deactivates an operating mode in which randomization of strategies is enabled. While that operating mode is active, for every campaign the penetration testing system randomly selects a lateral movement strategy from a list of available strategies.

Optionally, in addition to activating the strategies randomization operating mode, the user may also select which of the strategies generally available to the penetration testing system will be available to the system for selection in the next campaign(s). For example, the user may be presented with an array of multiple check-boxes, each corresponding to one available strategy. If the user selects only one of the check-boxes, then the corresponding strategy is forced by the user and will be used in the campaign with no random factor. If, however, the user selects multiple check-boxes, or all the check-boxes, the system makes a random selection from the subset of strategies whose check-boxes were selected by the user. Thus, the user has an option for limiting the automatic random selection by the system by eliminating strategies that he does not want the system to use.

In an alternative embodiment, instead of the penetration testing system automatically and randomly selecting a lateral movement strategy once, before or at the time of starting the campaign, the system makes an independent automatic and random selection of a lateral movement strategy each time it is required to select the next network node to attempt to compromise. Thus, the selection of one node is carried out using one strategy, while the selection of the next node may be carried out using another strategy. In this embodiment, there is practically no “pure strategy” guiding the overall movement in the networked system, because the decision rules might not be consistent from one iteration to another. This results in a “chaotic strategy” that may be desirable for ensuring that vulnerabilities in the tested networked system are not missed because of some deficiencies in each of the available strategies.

In a variation of this embodiment, the user manually activates and deactivates an operating mode in which randomization of strategies is independently enabled for the selection of each node during the campaign, and the penetration testing system randomly and independently selects a strategy for each move.

Optionally, the user not only activates the operating mode in which strategies are randomized, but may also select which of the pre-defined strategies will be available for the system to select from at each node selection point. The implementation of the user interface for this case may be similar to the one described for the second embodiment above.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a block diagram of a penetration testing system 200 according to an embodiment of the invention.

As seen in FIG. 3, the penetration testing system 200 includes a set-up module 210, adapted for setting up a penetration testing campaign. The set-up module 210 may include one or more set-up processors 212, and a set-up memory 214, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, having stored thereon instructions to be executed by the one or more set-up processors 212. In some embodiments, the set-up memory 214 has stored instructions to automatically select one lateral movement strategy of an attacker of the penetration testing campaign from a group of multiple lateral movement strategies available for use in the penetration testing campaign. The instructions to automatically select the strategy include instructions to randomly select the lateral movement strategy from the group of available lateral movement strategies.

System 200 further includes a penetration-testing-campaign module 220, functionally associated with set-up module 210 and including one or more penetration-testing-campaign processors 222 and a penetration-testing-campaign memory 224, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, having stored thereon instructions to be executed by the one or more penetration-testing-campaign processors 222. The memory 224 has stored instructions to perform a penetration testing campaign according to the randomly and automatically selected lateral movement strategy of the attacker, so as to test the networked system.

In some embodiments, the instructions to perform the penetration testing campaign also include instructions to select, according to the automatically selected one lateral movement strategy, a network node of the networked system to be the next network node to be attacked by the attacker of the penetration testing campaign.

A reporting module 230 is functionally associated with a user interface 240 and with penetration-testing-campaign module 220. Reporting module 230 includes one or more reporting processors 232, and a reporting memory 234, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, having stored thereon instructions to be executed by the one or more reporting processors 232. The reporting memory 234 has stored instructions to report at least one security vulnerability detected or determined to exist in the networked system according to results of the penetration testing campaign performed by penetration-testing-campaign module 220. The instructions to report include at least one of:

(i) instructions to cause a display device (e.g. of user interface 240 or another display device, which may be located remotely to the reporting module 230) to display a report describing the detected security vulnerability;

(ii) instructions to store the report describing the detected security vulnerability in a file; and

(iii) instructions to electronically transmit the report describing the detected security vulnerability, for example using a transceiver 236 functionally associated with the reporting module 230.

In some embodiments, set-up memory 214 further has stored instructions to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies that are available for use in the penetration testing campaign, which instructions are to be carried out prior to carrying out the instructions to automatically select a lateral movement strategy.

In some embodiments, the instructions to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies comprise instructions to retrieve the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from a non-volatile storage device functionally accessible to the set-up module.

In some embodiments, the set-up module 210 is functionally associated with the user interface 240, and the user interface 240 may include one or more user interface components 242 for manual and explicit definition of the group of lateral movement strategies available for selection by the set-up module 210.

In some such embodiments, the instructions to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies comprise:

-   -   a. instructions to display, by the set-up module 210 and via the         user interface 240, a second group of multiple lateral movement         strategies, the second group of multiple lateral movement         strategies including the lateral movement strategies in the         group of multiple lateral movement strategies;     -   b. instructions to receive, by the set-up module 210 and via the         user interface 240, one or more manually-entered inputs         explicitly selecting a sub-group of the second group of multiple         lateral movement strategies; and     -   c. instructions to define the group of multiple lateral movement         strategies from which the one lateral movement strategy is         automatically selected to be the selected sub-group.

In some embodiments, set-up memory 214 further has stored instructions to receive, via the user interface 240, one or more manually entered inputs explicitly instructing the penetration testing system to make the automatic selection of the lateral movement strategy randomly, which instructions are to be carried out prior to carrying out the instructions to automatically select a lateral movement strategy.

In some embodiments, system 200 further includes a reconnaissance module 250 adapted to carry out a reconnaissance function, an attack module 255 adapted to carry out an attack function, and/or a cleanup module 260 adapted to carry out a cleanup function as described hereinabove. The penetration-testing-campaign module 220 may include at least part of the reconnaissance module 250 carrying out reconnaissance function code, the attack module 255 carrying out the attack function code, and/or the cleanup module 260 carrying out cleanup function code.

In some embodiments, the penetration-testing-campaign memory 224, reporting memory 234, and set-up memory 214 are each a dedicated, and separate, memory component or storage medium. In other embodiments, at least two of the penetration-testing-campaign memory 224, reporting memory 234, and set-up memory 214 may be part of the same memory component or storage medium.

In some embodiments, the set-up processor(s) 212, penetration-testing-campaign processor(s) 222, and reporting processor(s) 232 are each dedicated, and separate, processors. In other embodiments, at least two of the set-up processor(s) 212, penetration-testing-campaign processor(s) 222, and reporting processor(s) 232 share at least one common processor.

FIGS. 4A and 4B, together, are a flow-chart of a method of penetration testing of a networked system by a penetration testing system according to an automatically and randomly selected lateral movement strategy.

In step S300 of FIG. 4B, the penetration testing system automatically selects one lateral movement strategy from a group of multiple lateral movement strategies available for use in the penetration testing campaign, by randomly selecting the one lateral movement strategy from the group of lateral movement strategies.

In some embodiments, the selection of step S300 is carried out prior to, or at the time of, initiating the penetration testing campaign, and is applicable to all lateral movement steps within the campaign.

In step S302 the penetration testing campaign is executed by the penetration testing system, for example by penetration-testing-campaign module 220 of FIG. 3, so as to test the networked system. Execution of the penetration testing campaign includes selecting the next network node to be attacked or to attempt to compromise, according to the randomly and automatically selected lateral movement strategy.

Following termination or completion of the penetration testing campaign, at step S304 the penetration testing system reports at least one security vulnerability determined to exist in the networked system by the execution of the penetration testing campaign, for example by reporting module 230 of FIG. 3. The reporting comprises at least one of:

-   -   (i) causing a display device to display a report describing the         security vulnerability,     -   (ii) storing the report describing the security vulnerability in         a file, and     -   (iii) electronically transmitting (e.g. over a computer network)         a report describing the security vulnerability.

In one example, in which the reporting at step S304 comprises causing a display device to display a report describing the security vulnerability, a computing device that performs the reporting causes a local display device (e.g. either residing in a common housing with the computing device that performs the reporting or connected via a local device interface) to display the report.

Alternatively or additionally, data describing the report may be sent to another computing device (e.g. in communication with the computing device that performs the reporting via a local or remote network) to cause the other computing device to display the report on a display device local to the other computing device or to store it in a storage device for later use.

In some embodiments, the reporting may be in real time or substantially in real time. Alternatively, the reporting may be a delayed reporting where the data is first stored in volatile and/or non-volatile memory of the computing device that performs the reporting, and the reporting step may be completed only after some delay (e.g. even a delay of weeks or months or years).

In some embodiments, a step S310 may precede step S300, as seen in FIG. 4A. In step S310 the penetration testing system receives one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly instructing the penetration testing system to make the automatic selection randomly. The inputs may be provided by the user via a user interface, such as user interface 240 of FIG. 3. An example of step S310 is described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 5.

In some embodiments, prior to step S300, the group of lateral movement strategies available for selection by the penetration testing system is determined at step S312, as seen in FIG. 4A.

In some such embodiments, such determination is carried out by step S314, in which the group of multiple lateral movement strategies is retrieved, by the penetration testing system, from a non-volatile storage device functionally accessible to the penetration testing system.

In other embodiments, the determination of the group is carried out by a user. In such embodiments, in step S316, the penetration testing system displays to the user, for example via user interface 240 of FIG. 3, a second group of multiple lateral movement strategies, which includes the lateral movement strategies in the group of multiple lateral movement strategies. Subsequently, in step S318, the penetration testing system receives one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly selecting a sub-group of the second group of multiple lateral movement strategies. For example, the inputs may be provided via user interface 240 of FIG. 3. In step S320 the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from which the one lateral movement strategy is automatically selected is defined to be the selected sub-group.

Specific examples of step S312 are discussed below with reference to FIG. 6.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which illustrates a first example of user engagements of a user interface for receiving one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly instructing the penetration testing system to randomly select the lateral movement strategy, as disclosed in step S310 of FIG. 4A.

In a first example presented in FIG. 5, a GUI element 400 allows the user to manually and explicitly select between manual definition of a specific lateral movement strategy, which is not random, and automatic random selection of the lateral movement strategy. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the user may select whether the lateral movement strategy should be automatically determined at random using a first radio button 402, or manually using a second radio button 404.

FIG. 5 present three frames—Frame 1 at time t1, Frame 2 at time t2, and Frame 3 at time t3. In all frames of FIG. 5, UE is an abbreviation for ‘user engagement’—this relates to a user engagement of a GUI element. For example, the user provides a mouse click (e.g. depressing a mouse button) when a mouse pointer is located in a specific location of the GUI element. The skilled artisan will appreciate that a mouse click is just one example of a user engagement of a GUI element or portion thereof. In another example, a mouse-pointer points to an element without any need for a mouse-click; in another example, a user touches with his or her finger (or with a stylus) a GUI element for ‘user engagement’.

In Frame 1, no selection has yet been made by the user, and the default value of the system is selected. In the illustrated embodiment, the default value is for the lateral movement strategy to be selected manually, and as such, in Frame 1, radio button 404 is selected.

In Frame 2, at time t2 the user selects to have the lateral movement strategy be selected at random e.g. the user engagement of radio button 402 of GUI element 400 may be provided by a mouse-click.

In Frame 3, at time t3 when the user's mouse-pointer is located within a ‘begin’ button 406 of the GUI, the user provides a mouse-click, thereby triggering steps S300 to S304 of the method of FIG. 49.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which illustrates a second example of user engagements of a user interface for receiving one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly identifying which of the available lateral movement strategies will be available for automatic and random selection by the penetration testing system in the next campaign(s), as disclosed in steps S316-S320 of FIG. 4A.

In the example presented in FIG. 6, a GUI element 500 allows the user to manually and explicitly select lateral movement strategies which will be available for selection by the penetration testing system when randomly selecting a lateral movement strategy for the next campaign(s). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the user may select one or more of pre-defined available lateral movement strategies using one or more checkboxes 502.

FIG. 6 present three frames—Frame 1 at time t1, Frame 2 at time t2, and Frame 3 at time t3. In all frames of FIG. 6, UE is an abbreviation for ‘user engagement’—this relates to a user engagement of a GUI element, as described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 5.

In Frame 1, no selection has yet been made by the user, and the default value of the system is selected. In the illustrated embodiment, the default value is for the lateral movement strategy to be based on the breadth first search (BFS) algorithm, and as such, in Frame 1, the checkbox 502 a indicating BFS is selected.

In Frame 2, at time t2 the user selects specific lateral movement strategies to be available for automatic and random selection by the penetration testing system (for example when executing step S300 of the method of FIG. 4B)—e.g. the user engagement of checkboxes 502 of GUI element 500 may be provided by mouse-clicks. The user may choose to unselect the default selection, or to keep the default selection and add to it additional lateral movement strategies by selecting additional checkboxes. In the illustrated embodiment, the user has kept the default selection of BFS, and has additionally selected three other lateral movement strategies by user engagement of the checkboxes 502 thereof.

In Frame 3, at time t3 when the user's mouse-pointer is located within a ‘begin’ button 506 of the GUI, the user provides a mouse-click, thereby triggering steps S300 to S304 of the method of FIG. 4B, where the group of lateral movement strategies available for the penetration testing system at step S300 are those whose corresponding check-boxes were selected at time t3.

In some embodiments, the user interface is programmed such that the user is required to select more than one lateral movement strategy, in order to facilitate automatic and random selection by the system. In some such embodiments, Frame 2 may include a message prompting the user to select at least two lateral movement strategies. In some such embodiments, user engagement with ‘begin’ button 506 may be blocked or prevented, until the user selects two or more lateral movement strategies.

In some embodiments, the user engagement illustrated in FIG. 6 may occur immediately after the user engagement illustrated in FIG. 5. For example, if in FIG. 5 the user clicks radio button 402 indicating that the lateral movement strategy should be selected at random, the user interface may then present the user with the list of checkboxes 502 of FIG. 6, for the user to determine the list of lateral movement strategies available for such random selection.

Definitions

This disclosure should be interpreted according to the definitions below. In case of a contradiction between the definitions in this Definitions section and other sections of this disclosure, this section should prevail.

In case of a contradiction between the definitions in this section and a definition or a description in any other document, including in another document included in this disclosure by reference, this section should prevail, even if the definition or the description in the other document is commonly accepted by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

-   -   a. “computing device”—Any device having a processing unit into         which it is possible to install code that can be executed by the         processing unit. The installation of the code may be possible         even while the device is operative in the field or it may be         possible only in the factory.     -   b. “peripheral device”—Any device, whether a computing device or         not, that provides input or output services to at least one         other device that is a computing device. Examples of peripheral         devices are printers, plotters, scanners, environmental sensors,         smart-home controllers, digital cameras, speakers and display         screens. A peripheral device may be directly connected to a         single computing device or may be connected to a communication         system through which it can communicate with one or more         computing devices. A storage device that is (i) not included in         or directly connected to a single computing device, and (ii)         accessible by multiple computing devices, is a peripheral         device.     -   c. “network” or “computing network”—A collection of computing         devices and peripheral devices which are all connected to common         communication means that allow direct communication between any         two of the devices without requiring passing the communicated         data through a third device. The network includes both the         connected devices and the communication means. A network may be         wired or wireless or partially wired and partially wireless.     -   d. “networked system” or “networked computing system”—One or         more networks that are interconnected so that communication is         possible between any two devices of the one or more networks,         even if they do not belong to the same network. The connection         between different networks of the networked system may be         achieved through dedicated computing devices, and/or through         computing devices that belong to multiple networks of the         networked system and also have other functionality in addition         to connecting between networks. The networked system includes         the one or more networks, any connecting computing devices and         also peripheral devices accessible by any computing device of         the networked system. Note that a single network is a networked         system having only one network, and therefore a network is a         special case of a networked system.     -   e. “module”—A portion of a system that implements a specific         task. A module may be composed of hardware, software or any         combination of both. For example, in a module composed of both         hardware and software, the hardware may include a portion of a         computing device, a single computing device or multiple         computing devices, and the software may include software code         executed by the portion of the computing device, by the single         computing device or by the multiple computing devices. A         computing device associated with a module may include one or         more processors and computer readable storage medium         (non-transitory, transitory or a combination of both) for         storing instructions or for executing instructions by the one or         more processors.     -   f. “network node of a networked system” or “node of a networked         system”—Any computing device or peripheral device that belongs         to the networked system.     -   g. “security vulnerability of a network node” or “vulnerability         of a network node”—A weakness which allows an attacker to         compromise the network node. A vulnerability of a network node         may be caused by one or more of a flawed configuration of a         component of the network node, a flawed setting of a software         module in the network node, a bug in a software module in the         network node, a human error while operating the network node,         having trust in an already-compromised other network node, and         the like.         -   A weakness that allows an attacker to compromise a network             node only conditionally, depending on current conditions in             the network node or in the networked system in which the             network node resides, is still a vulnerability of the             network node, but may also be referred to as a “potential             vulnerability of the network node”. For example, a             vulnerability that compromises any network node running the             Windows 7 Operating System, but only if the network node             receives messages through a certain Internet port, can be             said to be a vulnerability of any Windows 7 network node,             and can also be said to be a potential vulnerability of any             such node. Note that in this example the potential             vulnerability may fail in compromising the node either             because the certain port is not open (a condition in the             node) or because a firewall is blocking messages from             reaching the certain port in the node (a condition of the             networked system).     -   h. “security vulnerability of a networked system” or         “vulnerability of a networked system”—A weakness which allows an         attacker to compromise the networked system. A vulnerability of         a networked system may be caused by one or more of a         vulnerability of a network node of the networked system, a         flawed configuration of a component of the networked system, a         flawed setting of a software module in the networked system, a         bug in a software module in the networked system, a human error         while operating the networked system, and the like.         -   A weakness that allows an attacker to compromise a networked             system only conditionally, depending on current conditions             in the networked system, is still a vulnerability of the             networked system, but may also be referred to as a             “potential vulnerability of the networked system”. For             example, if a network node of the networked has a potential             vulnerability then that vulnerability can be said to be a             vulnerability of the networked system, and can also be said             to be a potential vulnerability of the networked system.     -   i. “vulnerability management”—A cyclical practice of         identifying, classifying, remediating, and mitigating         vulnerabilities of network nodes in a networked system.     -   j. “penetration testing” or “pen testing” (in some references         also known as “red team assessment” or “red team testing”, but         in other references those terms referring to a red team have a         different meaning than “penetration testing”)—A process in which         a networked system is evaluated in order to determine if it can         be compromised by an attacker by utilizing one or more security         vulnerabilities of the networked system. If it is determined         that the networked system can be compromised, then the one or         more security vulnerabilities of the networked system are         identified and reported.         -   Unlike a vulnerability management process, which operates at             the level of isolated vulnerabilities of individual network             nodes, a penetration test may operate at a higher level             which considers vulnerabilities of multiple network nodes             that might be jointly used by an attacker to compromise the             networked system.         -   A penetration testing process involves at least the             following functions: (i) a reconnaissance function, (ii) an             attack function, and (iii) a reporting function. It should             be noted that the above functions do not necessarily operate             sequentially according to the above order, but may operate             in parallel or in an interleaved mode.         -   Unless otherwise explicitly specified, a reference to             penetration testing should be understood as referring to             automated penetration testing.     -   k. “automated penetration testing”—Penetration testing in which         at least one of the reconnaissance function, the attack function         and the reporting function is at least partially automated.     -   l. “penetration testing system”—A system capable of performing         penetration testing, regardless if composed of hardware,         software or combination of both.     -   m. “reconnaissance function” or “recon function”—The function in         a penetration testing process that handles collection of data         about the tested networked system.         -   The collected data may include internal data of one or more             network nodes of the tested networked system. Additionally,             the collected data may include data about communication             means of the tested networked system and about peripheral             devices of the tested networked system. The collected data             may also include data that is only indirectly related to the             tested networked system, for example business intelligence             data about the organization owning the tested networked             system, collected in order to use it for assessing             importance of resources of the networked system.         -   The functionality of a reconnaissance function may be             implemented by any combination of (i) software executing in             a remote computing device, where the remote computing device             may probe the tested networked system for the purpose of             collecting data about it, (ii) hardware and/or software             simulating or duplicating the tested networked system, (iii)             a reconnaissance agent software module executing in one or             more network nodes of the tested networked system.     -   n. “attack function”—The function in a penetration testing         process that handles determination of whether one or more         security vulnerabilities exist in the tested networked system.         The determination is based on data collected by the         reconnaissance function of the penetration testing. The attack         function generates data about each of the identified security         vulnerabilities, if any.         -   The functionality of an attack function may be implemented             by any combination of (i) software executing in a remote             computing device, where the remote computing device may             attack the tested networked system for the purpose of             verifying that it can be compromised, (ii) hardware and/or             software simulating or duplicating the tested networked             system, (iii) an attack agent software module executing in             one or more network nodes of the tested networked system.         -   The methods used by an attack function may include executing             a real attack on the tested networked system by attempting             to change at least one setting, mode or state of a network             node or of a hardware or software component of a network             node, in order to verify that the tested networked system             may be compromised. In such case, the attempt may result in             actually compromising the tested networked system.             Alternatively, the methods used by an attack function may be             such that whenever there is a need to verify whether a             setting, a mode or a state of a network node or of a             hardware or software component of a network node can be             changed in a way that compromises the tested networked             system, the verification is done by simulating the effects             of the change or by otherwise evaluating them without ever             actually compromising the tested networked system.     -   o. “reporting function”—The function in a penetration testing         process that handles reporting of results of the penetration         testing. The reporting comprises at least one of (i) causing a         display device to display a report including information about         the results of the penetration testing, (ii) recording a report         including information about the results of the penetration         testing in a file, and (iii) electronically transmitting a         report including information about the results of the         penetration testing.         -   The functionality of a reporting function may be implemented             by software executing in a remote computing device, for             example in the computing device implementing the attack             function of the penetration testing.     -   p. “recovery function” or “clean-up function”—The function in a         penetration testing process that handles cleaning-up after a         penetration test. The recovery includes undoing any operation         done during the penetration testing process that results in         compromising the tested networked system.         -   The functionality of a recovery function may be implemented             by any combination of (i) software executing in a remote             computing device, for example in the computing device             implementing the attack function of the penetration             testing, (ii) an attack agent software module executing in             one or more network nodes of the tested networked system.     -   q. “a campaign of penetration testing” or “penetration testing         campaign”—A specific run of a specific test of a specific         networked system by the penetration testing system.     -   r. “results of a penetration testing campaign”—Any output         generated by the penetration testing campaign. This includes,         among other things, data about any security vulnerability of the         networked system tested by the penetration testing campaign that         is detected by the campaign. It should be noted that in this         context the word “results” is used in its plural form regardless         of the amount of output data generated by the penetration         testing campaign, including when the output consists of data         about a single security vulnerability.     -   s. “information item of a campaign”—A variable data item that a         penetration testing system must know its value before executing         the campaign. Note that a data item must be able to have         different values at different campaigns in order to be         considered an information item of the campaign. If a data item         always has the same value for all campaigns, it is not an         information item of the campaign, even if it must be known and         is being used by the penetration testing system when executing         the campaign.         -   An information item of a campaign is either a primary             information item of the campaign or a secondary information             item of the campaign.         -   A type of an attacker and a goal of an attacker are examples             of information items of a campaign. Another example of an             information item of a campaign that is more complex than the             previous two simple examples is a subset of the network             nodes of the networked system that is assumed to be already             compromised at the time of beginning the penetration testing             campaign, with the subset defined either by an explicit             selection of network nodes or by a Boolean condition each             node of the subset has to satisfy.         -   A value of an information item may be composed either of a             simple value or of both a main value and one or more             auxiliary values. If a specific main value of an information             item requires one or more auxiliary values that complete the             full characterization of the value, then the combination of             the main value and the one or more auxiliary values together             is considered to be the value assigned to the information             item. For example, for a “goal of the attacker” information             item, after a user selects a main value of “exporting a             specific file from whatever node having a copy of it”, the             user still has to provide a file name as an auxiliary value             in order for the goal information item to be fully             characterized. In this case the combination of “exporting a             specific file from whatever node having a copy of it” and             the specific file name is considered to be the value of the             “goal of the attacker” information item.     -   t. “primary information item of a campaign”—An information item         of the campaign which is completely independent of previously         selected values of other information items of the campaign. In         other words, the options available to a user for selecting the         value of a primary information item of the campaign are not         dependent on any value previously selected for any another         information item of the campaign. For example, the options         available to the user for selecting a goal of the attacker are         independent of values previously selected for any other         information item of the campaign, and therefore the goal of the         attacker is a primary information item of the campaign.     -   u. “secondary information item of a campaign”—An information         item of the campaign which depends on at least one previously         selected value of another information item of the campaign. In         other words, the options available to a user for selecting the         value of a secondary information item of the campaign depend on         at least one value previously selected for another information         item of the campaign. For example, the options available to the         user for selecting a capability of an attacker may depend on the         previously selected value of the type of the attacker. For a         first type of attacker the available capabilities to select from         may be a first group of capabilities, while for a second type of         attacker the available capabilities to select from may be a         second group of capabilities, different from the first group.         Therefore, a capability of the attacker is a secondary         information item of the campaign.     -   v. “specifications of a campaign” or “scenario”—A collection of         values assigned to all information items of the campaign. As         having a value for each information item of a campaign is         essential for running it, a campaign of a penetration testing         system cannot be run without providing the penetration testing         system with full specifications of the campaign. A value of an         information item included in the specifications of a campaign         may be manually selected by a user or may be automatically         determined by the penetration testing system. In the latter         case, the automatic determination by the system may depend on         one or more values selected by the user for one or more         information items of the campaign, or it may be independent of         any selection by the user. For example, the selection of the         capabilities of the attacker may automatically be determined by         the system based on the user-selected type of the attacker, and         the lateral movement strategy of the attacker may be         automatically determined by the system independently of any user         selection.     -   w. “pre-defined scenario”, “scenario template” or “template         scenario”—A scenario that exists in storage accessible to a         penetration testing system before the time a campaign is         started, and can be selected by a user of the penetration         testing system for defining a campaign of penetration testing.         -   A pre-defined scenario may be created and provided by the             provider of the penetration testing system and may be part             of a library of multiple pre-defined scenarios.             Alternatively, a pre-defined scenario may be created by the             user of the penetration testing system using a scenario             editor provided by the provider of the penetration testing             system.         -   A penetration testing system may require that a campaign of             penetration testing that is based on a pre-defined scenario             must have all its values of information items taken from the             pre-defined scenario, with no exceptions. Alternatively, a             penetration testing system may allow a user to select a             pre-defined scenario and then override and change one or             more values of information items of a campaign that is based             on the pre-defined scenario.     -   x. “attacker” or “threat actor”—An entity, whether a single         person, a group of persons or an organization, that might         conduct an attack against a networked system by penetrating it         for uncovering its security vulnerabilities and/or for         compromising it.     -   y. “a type of an attacker”—A classification of the attacker that         indicates its main incentive in conducting attacks of networked         systems. Typical values for a type of an attacker are         state-sponsored, opportunistic cyber criminal, organized cyber         criminal and insider.         -   An attacker can have only a single type.     -   z. “a capability of an attacker”—A tool in the toolbox of the         attacker. A capability describes a specific action that the         attacker can perform. Examples of capabilities are copying a         local file of a network node and exporting it to the attacker         out of the networked system and remotely collecting database         information from an SQL server of the networked system. In some         systems, selecting a type of an attacker causes a corresponding         default selection of capabilities for that type of attacker, but         the user may have an option to override the default selection         and add or delete capabilities.         -   An attacker can have one or multiple capabilities.     -   aa. “a method of a capability”—A combination of (i) an algorithm         for implementing the capability, and (ii) a required condition         for the capability to be applicable and feasible for an attacker         having that capability. For example, an opportunistic         cyber-criminal may have the knowledge of forcing RCE (Remote         Code Execution) in a browser of a targeted network node using a         simple and well-known algorithm, but that algorithm is only         applicable when the browser is an old version of IF (Internet         Explorer) not higher than a specific version number. On the         other hand, a state-sponsored attacker may have the knowledge of         forcing RCE using a complex and sophisticated algorithm, that         algorithm being applicable to every type of browser and every         version of it. The two attackers both have the same capability         of forcing RCE for browsers, but have different methods for that         capability—for one attacker the RCE capability is implemented by         a first method which is limited to a certain subclass of         browsers, while for the other attacker the RCE capability is         implemented by a second method which is applicable to all         browsers.         -   The condition of a method may be the trivial condition that             is always satisfied, as is demonstrated in the above example             in which a state-sponsored attacker has an RCE capability             with an always-true condition.         -   A capability can have one or multiple methods.     -   bb. “a trait of an attacker”—A behavioral and non-technical         feature of the attacker that may affect how he conducts his         attack. A trait may be a condition controlling the conducting of         the attack by the attacker. An example of a trait of an attacker         is the sensitivity of the attacker to detection (a.k.a. the         aggression level of the attacker). A state-sponsored attacker         may be assumed to only use his capabilities if the attack can be         hidden and remain undetected by the organization owning the         attacked networked system. On the other hand, an opportunistic         cyber criminal that has the same capabilities and methods may be         assumed to completely ignore considerations of being detected or         not. The two attackers have the same capabilities and methods,         but different values for the sensitivity to detection trait,         that control their operation during the attack. Alternatively, a         trait may have several (more than two) discrete possible values.         For example, the sensitivity to detection trait described above,         may be assigned any one of the values “highly sensitive”,         “moderately sensitive” and “not sensitive”. Alternatively, a         trait may have a value selectable from a continuous scale, for         example from the range [0 . . . 100].         -   An attacker can have one or multiple traits.     -   cc. “a level of sensitivity to detection of an attacker” or “an         aggression level of an attacker”—The extent to which the         attacker prefers not to be detected while carrying out his         attack. A high level of sensitivity to detection or a high         aggression level indicate a strong preference for not being         detected. A low level of sensitivity to detection or low         aggression level indicate weak preference for not being         detected. The sensitivity/aggression level may be specified as         one of two possible values (e.g. “sensitive” vs. “not         sensitive”). Alternatively, the sensitivity/aggression level may         be specified as one of several (more than two) discrete possible         values (e.g. “highly sensitive”, “moderately sensitive”,         “moderately not sensitive”, “highly not sensitive”).         Alternatively, the sensitivity/aggression level may be specified         as a value selectable from a continuous scale (e.g. from the         range [0 . . . 10]).     -   dd. “a goal of an attacker”—What the attacker of a campaign is         trying to achieve when attacking a targeted networked system. In         other words, what is the criterion according to which it will be         judged whether the attack was a success or a failure and/or to         what extent was it a success or a failure. Selecting a type of         an attacker may cause a default selection of a goal for that         attacker, but the user may have an option to override the         default selection. An attacker can have one or multiple goals.     -   ee. “a lateral movement strategy of an attacker”—A decision         logic applied by the attacker of a campaign for selecting the         next network node to try to compromise. During a penetration         testing campaign, the attacker is assumed to make progress by an         iterative process in which in each iteration he selects the next         node to attack, based on the group of network nodes he already         controls (i.e. that are already compromised). If the attack on         the selected node is successful, that node is added to the group         of nodes that are already compromised, and another iteration         starts. If the attempt to compromise the selected node fails,         another node is selected, either according to some other rule or         randomly.         -   It should be noted that all types of penetration testing             systems, whether using simulated penetration testing, actual             attack penetration testing or some other form of penetration             testing, must use a lateral movement strategy. In the case             of a penetration testing system that actually attacks the             tested networked system, the lateral movement strategy             selects the path of attack actually taken through the             networked system. In the case of a penetration testing             system that simulates or evaluates the results of attacking             the tested networked system, the lateral movement strategy             selects the path of attack taken in the simulation or the             evaluation through the networked system. Therefore in the             above explanation, the term “attack” should be understood to             mean “actual attack or simulated attack”, the term “already             controls” should be understood to mean “already controls or             already determined to be able to control”, the term “already             compromised” should be understood to mean “already             compromised or already determined to be compromisable”, etc.         -   A simple example of a lateral movement strategy is a “depth             first” strategy. In such strategy, the next network node to             try to compromise is an immediate neighbor of the last             network node that was compromised that is not yet             compromised (provided such neighbor node exists). Two             network nodes are “immediate neighbors” of each other if and             only if they have a direct communication link between them             that does not pass through any other network node.         -   Another simple example is a “breadth search” strategy. In             such strategy, the next network node to try to compromise is             a network node whose distance from the first node             compromised by the campaign is the smallest possible. The             distance between two network nodes is the number of network             nodes along the shortest path between them, plus one. A path             is an ordered list of network nodes in which each pair of             adjacent nodes in the list is a pair of immediate neighbors.             Thus, the distance between two immediate neighbors is one.         -   An example of a more advanced lateral movement strategy is a             strategy that is applicable when a goal of the attacker is             related to a resource of the networked system that resides             in a specific network node. In such case the next network             node to try to compromise may be selected by determining the             shortest path in the networked system leading from an             already compromised node to the specific node containing the             desired resource, and picking the first node on this path to             be the next node to try to compromise. Note that if the             shortest path has a length of one (which happens when the             specific node is an immediate neighbor of an already             compromised node), then the next node to try to compromise             is the specific node containing the desired resource.             Another example of a lateral movement strategy is a strategy             that gives priority to network nodes satisfying a specific             condition, for example nodes that are known to have a             specific weakness, such as running the Windows XP operating             system. In such case the next node to try to compromise is a             node that satisfies the condition and is also an immediate             neighbor of an already compromised node (if such node             exists). Selecting a type of an attacker may cause a default             selection of a lateral movement strategy for that attacker,             but the user may have an option to override the default             selection. An attacker can only have a single lateral             movement strategy.     -   ff. “penetration testing by simulation” or “simulated         penetration testing”—Penetration testing in which (i) the         functionality of the reconnaissance function is fully         implemented by software executing by a remote computing device         and/or by hardware and/or software simulating or duplicating the         tested networked system, where the remote computing device may         probe the tested networked system for the purpose of collecting         data about it, as long as this is done without risking         compromising the tested networked system, and (ii) the methods         used by the attack function are such that whenever there is a         need to verify whether a setting, a mode or a state of a network         node or of a hardware or software component of a network node         can be changed in a way that compromises the tested networked         system, the verification is done by simulating the effects of         the change or by otherwise evaluating them without risking         compromising the tested networked system.     -   gg. “penetration testing by actual attack” or “actual attack         penetration testing” or “penetration testing by actual exploit”         or “actual exploit penetration testing”—Penetration testing in         which (i) the functionality of the reconnaissance function is         fully implemented by (A) software executing in a remote         computing device, where the remote computing device may probe         the tested networked system for the purpose of collecting data         about it even if this risks compromising the tested networked         system, and/or by (B) software executing in one or more network         nodes of the tested networked system that analyzes network         traffic and network packets of the tested networked system for         collecting data about it, and (ii) the methods used by the         attack function include executing a real attack on the tested         networked system by attempting to change at least one setting,         mode or state of a network node or of a hardware or software         component of a network node in order to verify that the tested         networked system may be compromised, such that the attempt may         result in compromising the tested networked system.     -   hh. “penetration testing by reconnaissance agents” or         “reconnaissance agent penetration testing”—Penetration testing         in which (i) the functionality of the reconnaissance function is         at least partially implemented by a reconnaissance agent         software module installed and executed in each one of multiple         network nodes of the tested networked system, where the data         collected by at least one instance of the reconnaissance agent         software module includes internal data of the network node in         which it is installed, and the data collected by at least one         instance of the reconnaissance agent software module is at least         partially collected during the penetration testing process,         and (ii) the methods used by the attack function are such that         whenever there is a need to verify whether a setting, a mode or         a state of a network node or of a hardware or software component         of a network node can be changed in a way that compromises the         tested networked system, this is done by simulating the effects         of the change or by otherwise evaluating them without risking         compromising the tested networked system.     -   ii. “reconnaissance client agent”, “reconnaissance agent” or         “recon agent”—A software module that can be installed on a         network node and can be executed by a processor of that network         node for partially or fully implementing the reconnaissance         function of a penetration test. A reconnaissance agent must be         capable, when executed by a processor of the network node in         which it is installed, of collecting data at least about some of         the events occurring in the network node. Such events may be         internal events of the network node or messages sent out of the         network node or received by the network node. A reconnaissance         agent may be capable of collecting data about all types of         internal events of its hosting network node. Additionally, it         may be capable of collecting other types of data of its hosting         network node. A reconnaissance agent may additionally be capable         of collecting data about other network nodes or about other         components of a networked system containing the hosting network         node. A reconnaissance agent may be persistently installed on a         network node, where “persistently” means that once installed on         a network node the reconnaissance agent survives a reboot of the         network node. Alternatively, a reconnaissance agent may be         non-persistently installed on a network node, where         “non-persistently” means that the reconnaissance agent does not         survive a reboot of the network node and consequently should be         installed again on the network node for a new penetration test         in which the network node takes part, if the network node was         rebooted since the previous penetration test in which it took         part.     -   jj. “attack client agent” or “attack agent”—A software module         that can be installed on a network node and can be executed by a         processor of that network node for partially or fully         implementing the attack function of a penetration test.         Typically, an attack agent is installed by an actual attack         penetration testing system in a network node that it had         succeeded to compromise during a penetration test. Once         installed on such network node, the attack agent may be used as         a tool for compromising other network nodes in the same         networked system. In such case, the attack agent may include         code that when executed by a processor of the compromised         network node compromises another network node that is adjacent         to it in the networked system, possibly taking advantage of the         high level of trust it may have from the point of view of the         adjacent network node. Another type of an attack agent may         include code that when executed by a processor of a network node         determines whether that network node would be compromised if a         given operation is performed.     -   kk. “penetration testing software module” or “remote computing         device penetration testing software module”—A software module         that implements the full functionality of a penetration testing         system, except for the functionality implemented by (i)         reconnaissance agents, (ii) attack agents, and (iii) hardware         and/or software simulating or duplicating the tested networked         system, if such components are used in the implementation of the         penetration testing system.         -   The penetration testing software module may be installed and             executed on a single computing device or comprise multiple             software components that reside on multiple computing             devices. For example, a first component of the penetration             testing software module may implement part or all of the             reconnaissance function and be installed and executed on a             first computing device, a second component of the             penetration testing software module may implement part or             all of the attack function and be installed and executed on             a second computing device, and a third component of the             penetration testing software module may implement the             reporting function and be installed and executed on a third             computing device.     -   ll. “internal data of a network node”—Data related to the         network node that is only directly accessible to code executing         by a processor of the network node and is only accessible to any         code executing outside of the network node by receiving it from         code executing by a processor of the network node. Examples of         internal data of a network node are data about internal events         of the network node, data about internal conditions of the         network node, and internal factual data of the network node.     -   mm. “internal event of/in a network node”—An event occurring in         the network node whose occurrence is only directly detectable by         code executing by a processor of the network node. Examples of         an internal event of a network node are an insertion of a USB         drive into a port of the network node, and a removal of a USB         drive from a port of the network node. An internal event may be         a free event or a non-free event.         -   It should be noted that the term “an event of X” refers to             any occurrence of an event of the type X and not to a             specific occurrence of it. For referring to a specific             occurrence of an event of type X one should explicitly say             “an occurrence of event of X”. Thus, a software module which             looks for detecting insertions of a USB drive into a port is             “detecting an event of USB drive insertion”, while after             that module had detected such event it may report “an             occurrence of an event of USB drive insertion”.     -   nn. “internal condition of/in a network node”—A Boolean         condition related to the network node which can only be directly         tested by code executing by a processor of the network node.         Examples of an internal condition of a network node are whether         the local disk of the terminal node is more than 98% full or         not, and whether a USB drive is currently inserted in a port of         the network node.     -   oo. “internal factual data of/in a network node” or “internal         facts of a network node”—Facts related to the network node which         can only be directly found by code executing by a processor of         the network node. Examples of factual data of a network node are         the version of the firmware of a solid-state drive installed in         the network node, the hardware version of a processor of the         network node, and the amount of free space in a local disk of         the network node.     -   pp. “resource of a networked system”—A file in a network node of         the networked system, a folder in a network node of the         networked system, credentials of a user of the networked system,         a peripheral device of a network node of the networked system,         or a peripheral device directly attached to a network of the         networked system.     -   qq. “compromising a network node”—Successfully causing execution         of an operation in the network node that is not allowed for the         entity requesting the operation by the rules defined by an         administrator of the network node, or successfully causing         execution of code in a software module of the network node that         was not predicted by the vendor of the software module. Examples         for compromising a network node are reading a file without         having read permission for it, modifying a file without having         write permission for it, deleting a file without having delete         permission for it, exporting a file out of the network node         without having permission to do so, getting an access right         higher than the one originally assigned without having         permission to get it, getting a priority higher than the one         originally assigned without having permission to get it,         changing a configuration of a firewall network node such that it         allows access to other network nodes that were previously hidden         behind the firewall without having permission to do it, and         causing execution of software code by utilizing a buffer         overflow. As shown by the firewall example, the effects of         compromising a certain network node are not necessarily limited         to that certain network node. In addition, executing successful         ARP spoofing, denial-of-service, man-in-the-middle or         session-hijacking attacks against a network node are also         considered compromising that network node, even if not         satisfying any of the conditions listed above in this         definition.     -   rr. “compromising a networked system” Compromising at least one         network node of the networked system or successfully causing         execution of an operation in the networked system that is not         allowed for the entity requesting the operation by the rules         defined by an administrator of the networked system. Examples         for operations in the networked system that may not be allowed         are exporting a file out of the networked system without having         permission to do so, sending a file to a network printer without         having permission to do so, and copying a file from one network         node to another network node without having permission to do so.     -   ss. “compromising a software application”—Successfully causing         the software application to execute an operation that is not         allowed for the entity requesting the operation by the rules         defined by an administrator of the network node on which the         software application is installed or by a vendor of the software         application, or successfully causing the execution of code in         the software application that was not predicted by the vendor of         the software application. Examples for compromising a software         application are changing a configuration file controlling the         operation of the software application without having permission         for doing so, and activating a privileged function of the         software application without having permission for doing so. In         addition, causing the software application to execute a macro         without checking rights of the macro code to do what it is         attempting to do is also considered compromising that software         application, even if not satisfying any of the conditions listed         above in this definition.     -   tt. “administrator of a network node”—Any person that is         authorized, among other things, to define or change at least one         rule controlling at least one of an access right, a permission,         a priority and a configuration in the network node.     -   uu. “administrator of a networked system”—Any person that is         authorized, among other things, to define or change at least one         rule controlling at least one of an access right, a permission,         a priority and a configuration in the networked system. Note         that an administrator of a networked system may also be an         administrator of one or more of the network nodes of the         networked system.     -   vv. “remote computing device” (with respect to a given networked         system)—A computing device that executes software implementing         part or all of the penetration testing software module that is         used for testing the given networked system.         -   A remote computing device may be (i) outside of the given             networked system, or (ii) inside the given networked system.             In other words, a remote computing device is not necessarily             physically remote from the given networked system. It is             called “remote” to indicate its functionality is logically             separate from the functionality of the given networked             system.         -   A remote computing device may (i) be a dedicated computing             device that is dedicated only to doing penetration testing,             or (ii) also implement other functionality not directly             related to penetration testing.         -   A remote computing device is not limited to be a single             physical device with a single processing unit. It may be             implemented by multiple separate physical devices packaged             in separate packages that may be located at different             locations. Each of the separate physical devices may include             one or multiple processing units.         -   A remote computing device may be (i) a physical computing             device, or (ii) a virtual machine running inside a physical             computing device on top of a hosting operating system.     -   ww, “explicitly selecting”—Directly and clearly selecting, by a         human user, of one option out of multiple options available to         the human user, leaving no room for doubt and not relying on         making deductions by a computing device.         -   Examples of explicit selections are (i) selection of a             specific type of an attacker from a drop-down list of             types, (ii) selection of specific one or more attacker             capabilities by marking one or more check boxes in a group             of multiple check boxes corresponding to multiple attacker             capabilities, and (iii) reception for viewing by a user of a             recommendation automatically computed by a computing device             for a value of an information item and actively approving by             the user of the recommendation for using the value, provided             that the approving user has an option of rejecting the             recommendation and selecting a different value for the             information item.         -   Examples of selections that are not explicit selections             are (i) selection of specific one or more attacker             capabilities by selecting a specific scenario of a             penetration testing system from a pre-defined library of             scenarios, where the specific scenario includes an attacker             having the one or more capabilities, and (ii) selection of             specific one or more attacker capabilities by selecting a             specific goal of an attacker, accompanied by a deduction by             a computing device concluding that the specific one or more             attacker capabilities must be selected because they are             essential for the attacker to succeed in meeting the             specific goal.     -   xx. “automatically selecting”—Selecting, by a computing device,         of one option out of multiple options, without receiving from a         human user an explicit selection of the selected option. It         should be noted that the selecting of an option is an automatic         selecting even if the computing device is basing the selection         on one or more explicit selections by the user, as long as the         selected option itself is not explicitly selected by the user.         It should also be noted that receiving from a user of an         approval for a recommendation which is otherwise automatically         selected without giving the user an ability to override the         recommendation does not make the selection a non-automatic         selection.         -   An example of an automatic selection is a selection by a             computing device of one or more attacker capabilities by (a)             receiving from a user an explicit selection of a specific             scenario of a penetration testing system from a pre-defined             library of scenarios, (b) determining by the computing             device that the specific scenario includes an attacker             having the one or more capabilities, and (c) deducing by the             computing device that the user wants to select the one or             more attacker capabilities.         -   An example of a selection that is not an automatic selection             is a selection of a value for an information item by (a)             calculating by a computing device of a recommended value for             the information item, (b) displaying the recommendation to a             user, and (c) receiving from the user an explicit approval             to use the recommended value of the information item,             provided that the approving user has an option of rejecting             the recommendation and selecting a different value for the             information item.     -   yy. “defensive application”—A software application whose task is         to defend the network node in which it is installed against         potential attackers. A defensive application may be a passive         defensive application, in which case it only detects and reports         penetration attempts into its hosting network node but does not         attempt to defend against the detected attacks. Alternatively, a         defensive application may be an active defensive application, in         which case it not only detects penetration attempts into its         hosting network node but also attempts to defend its hosting         node against the detected attacks by activating at least one         counter-measure.     -   zz. “user interface”—A man-machine interface that does at least         one of (i) providing information to a user, and (ii) receiving         input from the user. Towards this end, any user interface         includes at least one of (i) an input device (e.g. touch-screen,         mouse, keyboard, joystick, camera) for receiving input from the         user, and (ii) an output device (e.g. display screen such as a         touch-screen, speaker) for providing information to the user. A         user interface typically also includes executable user-interface         code for at least one of (i) causing the output device to         provide information to the user (e.g. to display text associated         with radio-buttons or with a check list, or text of a drop-down         list) and (ii) processing user-input received via the input         device.         -   In different examples, the executable code may be             compiled-code (e.g. in assembly or machine-language),             interpreted byte-code (e.g. Java byte-code), or             browser-executed code (e.g. JavaScript code) that may be             sent to a client device from a remote server and then             executed by the client device.     -   aaa. “user interface of a computing device”—A user interface         that is functionally attached to the computing device and serves         the computing device for interacting with the user.         -   An input device of a user interface of a computing device             may share a common housing with the computing device (e.g. a             touch-screen of a tablet), or may be physically separate             from the computing device and be in communication with it,             either through a physical port (e.g. a USB port) or             wirelessly (e.g. a wireless mouse).         -   An output device of a user interface of a computing device             may share a common housing with the computing device (e.g. a             touch-screen of a tablet), or may be physically separate             from the computing device and be in communication with it,             either through a physical port (e.g. an HDMI port) or             wirelessly.         -   User-interface code of a user interface of a computing             device is stored in a memory accessible to the computing             device and is executed by one or more processors of the             computing device. In one example related to web-based user             interfaces, at least some of this code may be received from             a remote server and then locally executed by the computing             device which functions as a client. In another example             related to locally-implemented user interfaces, all of the             user-interface code is pre-loaded onto the computing device.     -   bbb. “or”—A logical operator combining two Boolean input         conditions into a Boolean compound condition, such that the         compound condition is satisfied if and only if at least one of         the two input conditions is satisfied. In other words, if         condition C=condition A or condition B, then condition C is not         satisfied when both condition A and condition B are not         satisfied, but is satisfied in each of the following cases: (i)         condition A is satisfied and condition B is not satisfied, (ii)         condition A is not satisfied and condition B is satisfied,         and (iii) both condition A and condition B are satisfied.     -   ccc. “random selection”—A selection that depends on a random or         pseudo-random factor. Different possible outcomes in a random         selection do not necessarily have the same probabilities of         being selected.     -   ddd. “subset/subgroup of a given set/group” or         “sub-set/sub-group of a given set/group”—A set/group that         satisfies the condition that that every member of it is also a         member of the given set/group. Unless otherwise stated, a         subset/subgroup may be empty and contain no members at all.         Unless otherwise stated, a subset/subgroup of a given set/group         may contain all the members of the given set/group and be equal         to the given set/group.     -   eee. “proper subset/subgroup of a given set/group” or “proper         sub-set/sub-group of a given set/group”—A subset/subgroup of the         given set/group that is not equal to the given set/group. In         other words, there is at least one member of the given set/group         that is not a member of the subset/subgroup.

It will be appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. 

1. A method of penetration testing of a networked system by a penetration testing system that is controlled by a user interface of a computing device so that a penetration testing campaign is executed according to a lateral movement strategy of an attacker of the penetration testing campaign, the method comprising: a. automatically selecting, by the penetration testing system, one lateral movement strategy from a group of multiple lateral movement strategies available for use in the penetration testing campaign; wherein the automatic selecting is done by randomly selecting the one lateral movement strategy from the group of lateral movement strategies; b. executing the penetration testing campaign, by the penetration testing system and according to the automatically selected lateral movement strategy of the attacker, so as to test the networked system; and c. reporting, by the penetration testing system, at least one security vulnerability determined to exist in the networked system by the executing of the penetration testing campaign, wherein the reporting comprises at least one of (i) causing a display device to display a report describing the at least one security vulnerability, (ii) storing the report describing the at least one security vulnerability in a file, and (iii) electronically transmitting the report describing the at least one security vulnerability.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the executing of the penetration testing campaign includes at least one event of selecting, according to the automatically selected one lateral movement strategy, a network node of the networked system to be the next network node to be attacked by the attacker of the penetration testing campaign.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: prior to the automatically selecting, receiving, by the penetration testing system and via the user interface of the computing device, one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly instructing the penetration testing system to make the automatic selection randomly.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to the automatically selecting, determining, by the penetration testing system, the group of multiple lateral movement strategies that are available for use in the penetration testing campaign.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the determining of the group of multiple lateral movement strategies comprises retrieving the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from a non-volatile storage device functionally accessible to the penetration testing system.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the determining of the group of multiple lateral movement strategies comprises: a. displaying, by the penetration testing system, a second group of multiple lateral movement strategies, the second group of multiple lateral movement strategies including the lateral movement strategies in the group of multiple lateral movement strategies; b. receiving, by the penetration testing system and via the user interface of the computing device, one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly selecting a sub-group of the second group of multiple lateral movement strategies; c. defining the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from which the one lateral movement strategy is automatically selected to be the selected sub-group.
 7. A system for penetration testing of a networked system by performing a penetration testing campaign against the networked system, the system comprising: a. a set-up module including: i. one or more set-up processors; and ii. a set-up non-transitory computer readable storage medium for instructions execution by the one or more set-up processors, the set-up non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored instructions to automatically select one lateral movement strategy of an attacker of the penetration testing campaign from a group of multiple lateral movement strategies available for use in the penetration testing campaign, the instructions to automatically select including instructions to randomly select the one lateral movement strategy from the group of lateral movement strategies; b. a penetration-testing-campaign module including: i. one or more penetration-testing-campaign processors; and ii. a penetration-testing-campaign non-transitory computer readable storage medium for instructions execution by the one or more penetration-testing-campaign processors, the penetration-testing-campaign non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored instructions to perform the penetration testing campaign according to the automatically selected lateral movement strategy of the attacker so as to test the networked system; and c. a reporting module including: i. one or more reporting processors; and ii. a reporting non-transitory computer readable storage medium for instructions execution by the one or more reporting processors, the reporting non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored instructions to report at least one security vulnerability determined to exist in the networked system according to results of the penetration testing campaign performed by the penetration-testing-campaign module, the instructions to report including at least one of (i) instructions to cause a display device to display a report describing the at least one security vulnerability, (ii) instructions to store the report describing the at least one security vulnerability in a file and (iii) instructions to electronically transmit the report describing the at least one security vulnerability.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the instructions to perform the penetration testing campaign include instructions to select, according to the automatically selected one lateral movement strategy, a network node of the networked system to be the next network node to be attacked by the attacker of the penetration testing campaign.
 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the set-up non-transitory computer readable storage medium further includes stored instructions, to be carried out prior to carrying out of said instructions to automatically select, to receive, via a user interface associated with the set-up module, one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly instructing the penetration testing system to make the automatic selection randomly.
 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the set-up non-transitory computer readable storage medium further includes stored instructions, to be carried out prior to carrying out of said instructions to automatically select, to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies that are available for use in the penetration testing campaign.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the instructions to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies comprise instructions to retrieve the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from a non-volatile storage device functionally accessible to the set-up module.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein: (i) the set-up module is functionally associated with a user interface, and (ii) the instructions to determine the group of multiple lateral movement strategies comprise: a. instructions to display, by the set-up module and via the user interface, a second group of multiple lateral movement strategies, the second group of multiple lateral movement strategies including the lateral movement strategies in the group of multiple lateral movement strategies; b. instructions to receive, by the set-up module and via the user interface, one or more manually-entered inputs explicitly selecting a sub-group of the second group of multiple lateral movement strategies; and c. instructions to define the group of multiple lateral movement strategies from which the one lateral movement strategy is automatically selected to be the selected sub-group. 